Over the past 10 years, the pre-harvest survey has underestimated the final production by 2.4 Mt, ranging from an overestimation of 1.5 Mt during the drought year of 2012-13 to an underestimation of 5.0 Mt in 2015-16. The production estimate is based on a seeded area of 9.2 million hectares (mln ha), a harvested area of 9.19 mln ha and yields of 2.09 t/ha.