US ethanol market participants and trade groups decried the Brazilian government decision to levy a 20% tariff on ethanol imports above 600 million liters. Brazil, the second largest ethanol producer in the world, began importing large volumes of ethanol in 2016 as high sugar prices made the sweetener more attractive to sugarcane mills than ethanol. Through June, the US exported over 1.045 billion liters of ethanol to Brazil. That could mean that any further exports to Brazil would be subject to the 20% tariff. But it does not appear that exports from earlier this year above the 600-million-liter level would be affected by the tariff.